The Egyptian Kingdoms And Ancient Egypt - 932 Words

The history of the Egyptians included their geography and religion, the Egyptian Kingdoms, their life in the Ancient Egypt, and also their accomplishments. The Egyptian Kingdoms included the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. The Egyptians’ lives in Ancient Egypt included their society and their daily lives. Some of their accomplishments were writing, education, art, and science. The Nile River was in the heart of Africa. It is the longest river in the world with a length of 4,000 mile, 6,436 kilometer. The Nile River splits into branches and forms the Nile Delta. The Nile Delta goes into lower and upper Egypt. The upper part of the Nile Delta goes into the land upstream and to the south of Egypt. Cities developed at the point where the Nile divides. Religion provided the Egyptians with a sense of security and timelessness. Theses religious ideas represented the Egyptians as an inseparable part of the entire world. Egyptians were polytheistic meaning that they believed in multiple gods instead of just one. There are two groups of gods that the Egyptians worshipped, the sun gods and the land gods. River gods were considered land gods. The sun was a source of life so it was worth worshipping. The gods had different names and forms based on their role that they played in Egyptian religion. For example, and Egyptian ruler had the title â€Å"Son of Ra†. Ra was an Egyptian sun god. King Menes united the upper and lower part of Egypt and created the first royal dynasty.Show MoreRelatedUnderstanding The New Kingdom Of Egypt1723 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding the New Kingdom of Egypt Perhaps no other culture has intrigued the human imagination as that of ancient Egypt. From the Ancient Greeks, who treated Egypt with venerable respect, to Alexander the Great, and Napoleon, who felt it was imperative to go there, few other cultures have represented so much of universal value to all humans. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief survey of the ancient New Kingdom of Egypt. An emphasis on scholarly views will focus on culture, agricultureRead MoreAncient Egypt : A Dominant Empire1407 Words   |  6 Pages1 Running Head: ANCIENT EGYPT Ancient Egypt: A Dominant Empire Zack Horton Lincoln Charter School October 11th, 2015 Mr. Thomas Honors World History Ancient Egypt’s empire was one of the most dominant of the ancient world. Egypt had several periods of great success followed by a change in Egypt’s power. Along with Ancient Egypt’s culture, they also had an amazingly strong religious system and beliefs. The Egyptian Empire was constantly making advancements and mastering different fieldsRead MoreAchievements Of Ancient Egypt957 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egypt: New Kingdom The Egyptian civilization emerged along the Nile River in northern Africa. The ancient Egyptians owed much of their prosperity to this location. 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International890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ancient Egyptian Iris Kim March.9,2017 International Grade 8 Pg.1 ! Introduced Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer. The history of ancient Egypt occurredRead MoreAchievements and Weaknesses of the Middle Kingdom and Its Downfall1316 Words   |  6 PagesIn Ancient Egypt, the Middle Kingdom is seen as one of its finest ages. This is because it was a time of ‘expanding political strength’ and ‘broader economic horizons’[1]. Generally thought to be from approximately 2000 B.C. to 1780 B.C.,[2] it was during the Twelfth Dynasty that Egyptians opened a wide trade amongst other countries, improved agricultural systems, fortified and expanded Egyptian borders with a strong military reputation, and explore the arts and literature to a depth which EgyptiansRead MoreAncient Egyptian Portraitures Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagespopularity of and the fascination with Egyptian Art come from the pyramids, mummies, and hieroglyphs. The theme of the exhibition is about racial types in Ancient Egyptian Art it will survey the various naturalistic facial features found in the non-royal sculptures. In contrast, the Royal portraits are extremely symbolic in representing human figures with the combination of human gods and animal forms that tend to portray idealized, conventional faces of Egypt. Utilizing objects from the permanentRead MoreEgyptian Civilization And The Egyptian Empire1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world is the Egyptian empire. Egyptian Civilization has contributed plenty to the world civilization and use most of its contributions today. Egyptian Empire started with the reign of Egypt’s first king, Narmer, in approximately 3100 BCE, and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a three series of stable Kingdoms which are: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late BronzeRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Nile River1287 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Egypt Unified in around 3100 BC, Ancient Egyptians developed one of the best known cultures in this world. Egypt, like many other civilizations before and after it, depended and relied on geography and natural landforms to flourish. The most important of these was the Nile. The Nile River is the longest river in the world, spanning over 4,000 miles long. It runs from Central Africa and north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptians developed on a 750-mile stretch of the Nile. EveryRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The Middle Kingdom And Ancient Egypt891 Words   |  4 PagesDespite the ancient Egyptians conservative nature and keeping to their core values, there were many changes within the infrastructure of their society during the middle kingdom. When Historians and scholars study the Old Kingdom, and the Middle Kingdom, One will notice that alterations to their religion, art, and architecture changed through both periods in history. Internal forces, as well as outside influences, shaped ancient Egyptian civilization. One would argue that the terms Old, middle and

Persuasive Essay On Junk Food - 2000 Words

Most people agree that every living being on this planet earth needs to eat to stay alive and well, but most food nowadays is not even considered a healthy option yet we still consume it. The reason behind that is junk food simply tastes better because it is faster, cheaper, and easier to consume. Many people that are actually watching what they are eating are pushing the government relentlessly to have the unhealthy food that people love and enjoy more expensive so they can ultimately just give up and start paying for the cheaper alternative, healthy food. Countries outside of the United States of America have started this heavy taxation on soft drinks and have seen positive results in this experiment and is leading the US to think if†¦show more content†¦Considering junk food is known as food with a high amount of calories but has little to no nutritional value, there needs to be a push to have the food induced with more nutrition. The reason for is that people are still g oing to push to go and grab that delicious fast food that they so enjoy, but if there is some bit that can make it less unhealthy so be it. In the consumer report The New War On Obesity, the article stated, â€Å" Sugary drinks are a logical choice. They’re a major contributor to daily American calorie intake-roughly 7 percent of all calories consumed- while contributing little to no nutritional value†(49). This citation clearly demonstrated that people see the fact that a sugary beverage has a little amount of calories in the can so people just go ahead and think of it as not even an issue. The calories intake is not the problem, the problem is that this drink has no benefits to this and has a crazy amount of sugar in such a small amount. This matter can be resolved if there people that can reach the future generation easy by educating that they are ruining their life in the long term. There have been many speakers that have came to plenty of schools and gave a 30 minute lecture on why sugar is bad. While the speakers thinks that he/she has made a difference to the kids in their viewpoint of sugar, but little do they know most of the kids will not care or just forget about in the nextShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Junk Food944 Words   |  4 PagesWhile deciding what to eat one night when I was left to fend for myself I came to the realization: if I wanted something healthy I am going to have to spend more money to get the same amount of food of a meal of unhealthy food. I decided on either getting a salad from subway (starting at around 6.50 depending on what type of meat you choose and an extra 1.50-2.50 for a drink) that usually fills me up for an hour and then I am rummaging around for something else. Or a fill up meal from KFC (startingRead MorePersuasive Essay On Junk Food787 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem. 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Yet many Americans remain oblivious to this nationwide issue andRead MoreMega Marketing : The Extraordinary Science Of Addictive Junk Food1679 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food†, Moss examines the science behind food industry corporations and how scientist study which design and taste addict their consumers, correlating the effects towards the obesity epidemic. Moss proves that mega-marketing is a sci ence that aims at the buyers psychology, making their taste buds crave the product, and their sense of sight attracted to appeasing packaging. Relating to Moss’s beliefs, Ethan Watters essay, â€Å"The Mega-Marketing of Depression inRead MorePersuasive Essay Topics1228 Words   |  5 Pages101 Persuasive Essay Topics By: Mr. Morton Whether you are a student in need of a persuasive essay topic, or a teacher looking to assign a persuasive essay, this list of 101 persuasive essay topics should be a great resource. I taxed my brain to create this huge list of persuasive essay topics relevant to todays society, but I believe I am happy with the results. I appreciate any and all comments or feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24Read MoreThe Effects Of Television On Childhood Obesity1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Television on Childhood Obesity Essay It is evident that the rate of obesity is steadily increasing in North America and has reached an all-time high (Novonty 2015). This is due to the lack of physical activity, increased consumption level of unhealthy foods, and the prominent amount of exposure to media such as Television (TV). Although TV has not been proven to be a direct cause for obesity, it does however contribute to the development of children and adolescence obesity due toRead MoreFast Food1145 Words   |  5 PagesRamandeep Singh Mrs. Vinson October 23, 2012 English 1001 Essay 2 Draft 3 Fast food Obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping over the United States today. It’s affecting both adults and children. With the increase in fast food availability and a decrease in the time most Americans have to prepare nutritious meals at home, it’s obvious why more people are eating at fast food restaurants. Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and more and more children are being affected. But do uneducatedRead MoreArgumentative Essays About Obesity1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves to get that far into bad health(obesity)? (might be more of a Psychology question though..) A good one for looking at arguments relating to the fast food industry is Super-Size me that documentary, that might give you some more ideas about arguments, to look into some of the issues that Morgan Spurlock touches on, (size of food portions, advertising, health related problems of obesity, etc..) Obesity in AmericaWhen people think about health what usually comes up is cancer, or some kindRead More Controversial Television Advertising Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesControversial Television Advertising We all know from our personal experience that one person’s idea of something offensive often differs from another’s. This essay is to determine the consequences towards negative advertising towards certain controversial products/services and why they are so offensive. All major media organizations need advertising to exist, thats how they pay their bills. At the same time, though, each organization sets its own advertising standards. Some ads a media companyRead MoreOn-Demand Performance Assessment : Argument And Information / Research Writing979 Words   |  4 Pageswhich you have strong feelings. You will have exactly forty-five minutes to write an opinion or argument text in which you’ll write your opinion or claim and tell reasons why you feel that way. When you do this, draw on everything you know about essays, persuasive letters and reviews. Youll need to plan, draft, revise, and edit in one sitting. In your writing make sure you: Write an introduction Elaborate with a variety of information Organize your writing Use transition words Write a conclusion Argument

Ideologies, Narrative, Stereotypes and Discourses free essay sample

In this essay I will discuss and argue how each concept works according to various theorists and how they work in shaping the individual habitus. A stereotype is a group concept that is usually negative and judgmental in nature. A Stereotype describes a group with certain personality traits and inhibits a more open and reflective understanding about the diversity among any given social group (Perkins 1997). Stereotypes work because they re-present a view in reality that we all recognize, otherwise they would fail to work as stereotypes (Lacey 2009). In today’s society most people believe everything they hear, and categorize people based on false standards that religion, the media and the government have given them and told them is right. Gender and racial inequalities, for example, are socially constructed and it is something we are automatically born into. Breaking away from this to create any form of change is considered not normal and ‘out of character’. This further encourages the molds of stereotypes as everything you do and everything you see others do can be categorized under any particular label whether it because of their gender, race, religion, class, sexuality or age. Stereotypes whether negative or positive help shape the individual habitus as they are the activation or encouraged thoughts about particular types of groups or specific ways of doing things from the view of society. According to Bourdier stereotypes have a real danger in creating a more of less long-term individual habitus. (Lane, Dr. Karen 2013)Â  The habitus may be positive or negative. When it is negative and constantly reinforced through popular images of stereotypes we delimit people’s life chances drastically and unfairly. When discussing discourse French philosopher and social theorist Michel Foucault stated that the idea refers to the production of knowledge through language which gives bounded meanings to material objects and social practices (McCorkle, N. Angela, 2013) In more detail discoures are groups of statements comprising language that represents knowledge about a topic and involve the individual analyzing context (historical and social forces) plus text (discourses embedded in programs) and audience reception. Discourses create different meanings and change realities for different people in time and over time. For example the way we picture the role of the family unit and what we believe to be true. (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013) they regulate what can be said, who can say it and when and where they are allowed to. (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013) Discourse works similarly to stereotypes as whoever has the power creates the knowledge. With Stereotypes the group who creates them has the power and we as the individual re-present the stereotypes as we recognize them (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013). The way discourse works in shaping the individual habitus is evident in channel 10’s program The Biggest Loser. The Biggest loser places a large emphasis on the discourse that people are unable to be happy if they are extremely overweight. According Oullette and Hay, shows like the biggest loser (and any other program based on changing individual’s lifestyles) work by shift blame from the concept of ‘political government intervention’ to a ‘government of the self’ (Ouellette, L. amp; Hay, J, 2008) Ideology is basically a system of meaning that helps define and explain the world and that makes value judgements about the world (Croteau, David, Hoynes, William, Milan, Stefania, 2012). Ideology is related to but broader then concepts such as world-view, belief system and values. Ideologies do not necessarily reflect reality accurately but often they present a distorted version of the world. (Croteau, David, Hoynes, William, Milan, Ste fania, 2012). Karl Marx believes that the ruling class control ideology and used a trick to create an illusion of fairness and harmony (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013) This plainly brings into question human agency and free will however one can argue that those influenced still have the ability to change it (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013). Italian theorist Antonio Gramsci argued that cultural domination is never fully achieved and that audience awareness is evident but again cultural domination is always in contention (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013) Gramscian thesis of Hegemony also argued that ruling groups can maintain their power through force, consent, or a combination of the two (Croteau, David, Hoynes, William, Milan, Stefania, 2012) Hegemony is not simply about ideological domination (one groups belief are imposed on another) but rather it operates at the level of common sense about the assumption made about social life and what individuals believe to be natural (Croteau, David, Hoynes, William, Milan, Stefania, 2012) Stereotypes are related to ideologies as they are both seen as not reflecting reality accurately. Being ideological is adhering to ones beliefs in the face of the overwhelming contradictory. Making a stereotype is a generalization therefore there is always contradicting evidence. However discourse is the opposite as it is language and language is reality. I would argue, based on Marxist theory that the way the individual habitus is shaped by ideology is that individuals will conform to the beliefs and all things ‘natural’ according to the group with the most power. Their ideas, thoughts and actions will be controlled by the dominant ideology. This creates less individuality and more agreement in view and opinion in society. However according to Gramsci’s theory of Hegemony operating on the level of common sense audiences are not easily or always convinced that the system operates in their best interests. Ultimately, therefore, he believed that audiences exercise agency (Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013). Therefore the individual habitus is shaped through self-awareness and self understanding and personal opinions therefore it allows more room for freedom thinking creating more ideas and more individuality. O’Shaughnessy and Jane Stadler define the narrative as a ‘basic way of making sense of our experience. ’ Generally speaking, we, as human beings, tend to hink of all of our experiences through narrative (O’Shaughnessy, M. and Stadler, J. 2008). Levi Strauss, a French anthropologist, believed the way we understood certain words depends not so much on any meaning they themselves directly contain, but more by our understanding of the difference between the word and its binary oppos ites. (Minns, Lauren, 2012) Many films in society today contain binary opposite. Binary opposites is a means of cultural classification that splits the world into sets of dualistic opposing categories such as good versus evil, insane versus sane and human versus supernatural. (O’Shaughnessy, M. nd Stadler, J. 2008) Strauss believed that binary oppositions tied in with Dominant ideology. Dominant ideology is the set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics (Tidswell, Corey, 2010) Point of view, the positions cameras take and whose viewpoint they show the viewer (O’Shaughnessy, M. and Stadler, J. 2008), dominant discourses and hierarchy of discourses. Another theorist Tzevan Todorov believed there to be 5 stages of Narrative sequence. The first sequence is where the narrative begins and that’s equilibrium, everything is happy and safe. The next stage is disruption; an event happens that creates tension. Realization is when the characters realize the problem and try to fix it. Restoration in the next stage and this is when the problem or event is solved and equilibrium is again restored, therefore the film has a happy ending (Healey, Elizabeth,2011). The film the Dark Night is a perfect example of both Strauss theory of Narrative and Todorov’s theory of narrative. The story follows Todorov’s theory beginning with equilibrium, then disruption followed by realization and restoration of equilibrium. The Dark Knight is riddled with a number of social issues and binary oppositions. Good versus evil is an obvious opposition, as is the hierarchy of discourses dealing with, firstly, gender roles and, secondly, stereotyping. Thus, the dominant ideology in the film is that men are dominant gender. From the point of view of a number of characters, The Dark Night is centered on and framed through Batman himself. Over the course of the film Batman grows from a disheveled former super hero back to his original powerful, evil slaying self, a grown and more empowered man. In the end Cat-woman, a female is also a hero, thus reinforcing the notion feminism is still a necessity. According to Todorov’s theory individual habitus can be shaped by the way a person interprets their individual narrative. When they are happy something might go wrong therefore according to Todorov they will subconsciously follow the stages of theory or chain of events until their equilibrium is restored. I could argue also that when considering Strauss theory the way and indviduals life will lead is based on experience. The outcome they wish attain will be learnt through past events and learning from mistakes. The media are implicated as central actors through the spoken word, through pictures, through sound, lighting, bodily gestures and movements, clothing and appearances. Al of these are languages because they all create meaning and ideas. Individual habitus will always be shaped by component of mass media such as narrative, ideologies, discourse and stereotypes. Whether the habitus is shaped negatively or positively it will still be shaped. According to Strauss our independent habitus will be shaped by passed experiences, and Todorov believes our idea of what should happen will determine our habitus. I have also argued how according to Foucault dominant Discourses will always shape the individual habitus through playing on the emotions of viewers and using governing policies to attain particular messages. Stereotypes will continue to shape individual habitus until people stop conforming to them whether they be negative or positive. Marxist theory of ideology allows for the independent shaping of habitus. This helps create more individuality among society. However in saying that society is difficult to shape when not everyone is participating to do so. References: *Barker,Chris. 007, ‘Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice’ SAGE publications, 18th May 2013 lt;http://reader. eblib. com. au. ezproxy-f. deakin. edu. au/(S(vyyzj4mv4f1x5x2hqivzbt5r))/Reader. aspx? p=585413amp;o=154amp;u=VUfJjDoccCISH%2fJL9tmIPg%3d%3damp;t=1369692183amp;h=4124B759F7B13440AD90DBAD29E56F710465A7AFamp;s=8810865amp;ut=484amp;pg=115amp;r=imgamp;c=-1amp;pat=n#gt; Bourdieu, P,1992, ‘The logic of practice’, Polity Press, Cambridge *Croteau,David, Hoynes, William, Milan, Stefania, 2012, Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences, SAGE Publications Inc. , California. Healey, Elizabeth, 2011, Narrative; Tzvetan Todorov’s Theory, Heathenmedia, May 27 20133, lt; http://heathenmedia. co. uk/radiostar/2011/10/31/narrative-tzvetan-todorovs-theory/gt; Laberge, S,1995, ‘Toward an interpretation of gender into Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital’, Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 131–146 *Lacey, N. 2009, Image and Representation: Key Concepts in Media Studies, Second Edition, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. *Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013,Topic 4: Discourse Analysis, Deakin University, May 27th 2013 lt;https://d2l. deakin. edu. au/d2l/le/content/176579/viewContent/1731294/Viewgt; *Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013, Topic 2: Film and Television Narratives, Deakin University, May 17th 2013, lt;https://d2l. deakin. edu. au/d2l/le/content/176579/viewContent/1731292/Viewgt; *Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013, Topic 3: Ideology, Deakin University, May 27th 2013 lt;https://d2l. deakin. edu. au/d2l/le/content/176579/viewContent/1731293/Viewgt; *Lane, Dr. Karen, 2013 Topic 1: Media Representation, Deakin University, may 28th 2013, lt; https://d2l. deakin. edu. au/d2l/le/content/176579/viewContent/1731291/Viewgt; McCorkle, N, Angela, 2013, Discourse, retrieved 28th May 2013, lt; http://quizlet. com/20943972/subjectivity-and-representation-flash-cards/gt; Minns, Lauren, 2012, Strauss Binary Opposites, Lauren Minns, May 27th 2013 lt;http://www. slideshare. net/laurenminns/strauss-binary-opposites#gt; Noble, G, amp; Watkins, M. 2003, ‘So, how did Bourdieu learn to play tennis? Habitus, consciousness and habituation. ’ Cultural Studies, vol. 17, Issue 4, p520-538. *O’Shaughnessy, M. and Stadler, J. 2008, ‘Narrative structures and binary oppositions’, Media and Society, 4th edition, south Melbourne, Oxford University Press *Ouellette, L. amp; Hay, J, 2008, ‘Makeover television, governmentality and the good citizen. ’ Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, Vol. 2 Issue 4, p471-484, 14p *Perkins, T. 1997, ‘Rethinking Stereotypes’ in O’Sullivan T. and Jewkes Y. (eds), The Media Studies Reader, London, Hodder Arnold. Shilling, C, 1993, ‘The body and social theory’ Sage publications Inc, California Tidswell, Corey, 2010, A2 Media Practical, May 27th 2013 lt;http://a2mediacorytidswell. blogspot. com. au/2010/10/narrative-theories-levi-strauss-binary. htmlgt; Wysocka, Paulina, 2013, ‘Gender Inequality and Stereotypes’ May 18th 2013, lt;http://uicsocialtheory. weebly. com/12/post/2013/04/gender-inequality-and-stereotypes-paulina-wysocka. htmlgt; http://socialpopblog. wordpress. com/about/

Locke Berkeley And Hume Essays - Epistemology, Empiricists

Locke Berkeley And Hume Enlightenment began with an unparalleled confidence in human reason. The new science's success in making clear the natural world through Locke, Berkeley, and Hume affected the efforts of philosophy in two ways. The first is by locating the basis of human knowledge in the human mind and its encounter with the physical world. Second is by directing philosophy's attention to an analysis of the mind that was capable of such cognitive success. John Locke set the tone for enlightenment by affirming the foundational principle of empiricism: There is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses. Locke could not accept the Cartesian rationalist belief in innate ideas. According to Locke, all knowledge of the world must ultimately rest on man's sensory experience. The mind arrives at sound conclusions through reflection after sensation. In other words the mind combines and compounds sensory impressions or "ideas" into more complex concepts building it's conceptual understanding. There was skepticism in the empiricist position mainly from the rationalist orientation. Locke recognized there was no guarantee that all human ideas of things genuinely resembled the external objects they were suppose to represent. He also realized he could not reduce all complex ideas, such as substance, to sensations. He did know there were three factors in the process of human knowledge: the mind, the physical object, and the perception or idea in the mind that represents that object. Locke, however, attempted a partial solution to such problems. He did this by making the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities produce ideas that are simply consequences of the subject's perceptual apparatus. With focusing on the Primary qualities it is thought that science can gain reliable knowledge of the material world. Locke fought off skepticism with the argument that in the end both types of qualities must be regarded as experiences of the mind. Lockes Doctrine of Representation was therefore undefendable. According to Berkley's analysis all human experience is phenomenal, limited to appearances in the mind. One's perception of nature is one's mental experience of nature, making all sense data "objects for the mind" and not representations of material substances. In effect while Locke had reduced all mental contents to an ultimate basis in sensation, Berkeley now further reduced all sense data to mental contents. The distinction, by Locke, between qualities that belong to the mind and qualities that belong to matter could not be sustained. Berkeley sought to overcome the contemporary tendency toward "atheistic Materialism" which he felt arose without just cause with modern science. The empiricist correctly aims that all knowledge rests on experience. In the end, however, Berkeley pointed out that experience is nothing more than experience. All representations, mentally, of supposed substances, materially, are as a final result ideas in the mind presuming that the existence of a material world external to the mind as an unwarranted assumption. The idea is that "to be" does not mean "to be a material substance;" rather "to be" means "to be perceived by a mind." Through this Berkeley held that the individual mind does not subjectively determine its experience of the world. The reason that different individuals continually percieve a similar world and that a reliable order inheres in that world is that the world and its order depend on a mind that transcends individual minds and is universal (God's mind). The universal mind produces sensory ideas in individual minds according to certain regularities such as the "laws of nature." Berkeley strived to preserve the empiricist orientation and solve Lockes representation problems, while also preserving a spiritual foundation for human experience. Just as Berkeley followed Locke, so did David Hume of Berkeley. Hume drove the empiricist epistemological critique to its final extreme by using Berkeley's insight only turning it in a direction more characteristic of the modern mind. Being an empiricist who grounded all human knowledge in sense experience, Hume agreed with Lockes general idea, and too with Berkeley's criticism of Lockes theory of representation, but disagreed with Berkeley's idealist solution. Behind Hume's analysis is this thought: Human experience was indeed of the phenomenal only, of sense impressions, but there was no way to ascertain what was beyond the sense impressions, spiritual or otherwise. To start his analysis, Hume distinguished between sensory impressions and ideas. Sensory impressions being the basis of any knowledge coming with a force of liveliness and ideas being faint copies of those impressions. The question is then asked, What causes the sensory impression? Hume answered None. If the mind analyzes it's experience without preconception, it must recognize that in fact all